important to look at minority-specific effects of policies and institutions and not solely at the effects for the average … citizen, as well as the transmission mechanisms through which policies and institutions affect life satisfaction. We find that … legal rights for gay men, GDP per capita, democracy and economic globalization tend to benefit gays, primarily by shaping …

a chain of legitimacy does not appear to be sufficient to justify transnational democracy. Starting from this diagnosis …, the paper introduces an alternative conception of transnational legitimacy. In this conception, the layer of legitimacy … provided by the chain of legitimation is complemented by a layer of legitimacy that is provided by political practices at the …