This article investigates retailers' choice of foreign markets using a spatial-interaction model that takes into account factors related to the attractiveness of a given market as well as distance to that market. While gravity and spatial-interaction models have a long tradition in retailing...

By focusing on the tacit and explicit characteristics of informal and formal institutional distances, this study investigates the competitive advantage of foreign subsidiary firms from developed countries and emerging markets operating in Latin America. Following recent research on distances in...