The proposed OECD Pillar One and Two reforms mark a significant shift in the way large multinational enterprises are taxed on their global incomes. However, while considering the reform at the proposed scale tax administrators must be able to compare the revenue gains with alternatives. This...

Article 13 of the OECD Model tax treaty allows a source country to retain taxing rights on capital gains realized by non-residents on the sale of real (immovable) property in the source country. Recently, it has been modified to incorporate a further rule that has long been a feature of the UN...

The chapter concerns limitations of bilateral tax treaties in multilateral situations (triangular cases). Such limitations result from the bilateral nature of tax treaties. Tax treaties based on the OECD Model or the UN Model are concluded by two parties, aiming to resolve juridical double...

This chapter offers the first global taxonomy of treaty dispute patterns emerging in the almost first 100 years of the international tax regime (ITR). The time and space dimensions of the taxonomy are as follows. The time dimension covers the era which ran from 1923 — when four economists...

This two-volume set offers an in-depth analysis of the leading tax treaty disputes in the G20 and beyond within the first century of international tax law. Including country-by country and thematic analyses, the study is structured around a novel global taxonomy of tax treaty disputes and...

The way in which the countries studied here solve tax treaty disputes is normally related to exogenous elements. Local endowment of natural resources is a neat example. This can be seen as a continuum. On one end, countries with large endowments of natural resources, such as Argentina, Brazil...