This the second of two working papers produced for the "New Challenges to Data Protection" study, commissioned by the European Commission.This paper discusses the difficulties that arise if one tries to apply the main EC Directive on data protection (Directive 95/46/EC) and the data protection...

The free flow of data across borders underpins today's globalized economy. But the flow of personal data outside the jurisdiction of national regulators also raises concerns about the protection of privacy. Addressing these legitimate concerns without undermining international integration is a...

This article considers the roles of data protection authorities (DPAs), or as they are sometimes called 'privacy enforcement agencies' (PEAs), and the associations they form. The article is based on data from the 2017 Global Tables of Data Privacy Laws and Bills at...

The networks of Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) and (as they are sometimes called) Privacy Enforcement Agencies (PEAs) have continued to expand their membership, and some of their activities, in 2019-20, despite the pandemic in 2020 calling a halt to international in-person meetings. This...

We examine three possible explanations for differences in Internet privacy concerns revealed by national regulation: (1) These differences reflect and are related to differences in cultural values described by other research; (2) these differences reflect differences in Internet experience; or (3)...