This paper highlights the contribution of foreign forces to the development of Francophone Africa. The major forces are in two blocs, mainly the Western countries and Asian emerging countries. Each bloc on its part is contributing to the development of Francophone African countries in various...

Global growth has decelerated over the course of the year under the impact of high energy prices and great uncertainty. Monetary policy, which is being tightened very quickly in view of high inflationary pressure across the board, is now also putting a drag on economic activity. Overall,...