The paper identifies and analyzes the four main fault lines which will influence the next decades of global philanthropy. All are related to what we can refer to as "the market revolution in global philanthropy". As global philanthropy moves beyond grantmaking, into investment approaches that...

Since the dawn of human civilization, the cost of moving goods, people, and ideas has forced the geographical bundling of economic activity. Before the days of easy shipping, communities were obliged to consume what they could make. The gradual reduction of shipping costs, with acceleration from...

The emergence of integrative trade and global value chains (GVCs) over the past 20 years has changed the competitive landscape in international goods and services markets. Competition in many lines of businesses, particularly in the manufacturing sector, is now taking place more at a value chain...

Vertical specialization is one of the most notable trends in the international organization of production (Hummels, Jun and Yi, 2001; Yi, 2003; Desai, 2009). Thanks to reductions in communication, transportation and other trade costs, multinational firms are slicing up their value chains and are...

The past decades have witnessed a rapid globalisation of economic activity which has significantly changed the outlook of the world economy. An increasing number of firms, countries and other economic actors take part in today's global economy and have become increasingly connected across...

This research volume is concerned with the causes and consequences of global value chains — the fragmentation of production across firms and international boundaries. Figure 1 provides a schema for thinking about these phenomena. The total value of inputs used in producing a given level of...

What forces have driven international fragmentation of production in recent decades? Perhaps technological innovations in information technology have allowed the coordination of integrated production processes that are separated by vast distances. Perhaps reductions in transportation costs,...

“Companies no longer compete – Value Chains Compete” (Murphy, 2007, p.11)In the past few years, a fairly substantial literature has emerged addressing the phenomenon of global value chains (GVCs). While one can find various definitions of GVCs, the simple concept proposed by Lunati (2007)...

Intuitively, the idea of global value chains (GVCs) is relatively easy to understand - making a product or delivering a service involves many steps and increasingly these steps are separable and can be located anywhere in the world based on where it is most efficient to perform. Formalizing this...

As the 21st century will surely see an increasingly interdependent world, so too will departments giving instruction of ESP need to embed themselves in the greater university curricula, in order to survive. Technical English teaching centers must provide the impetus for pushing university...