This paper examines how the emergence and change of the fragmented cross-national production system affects social upgrading in developing countries, focusing on the impact of private governance on labour conditions and workers’ rights. It also discusses the role of private voluntary standards...

1. Introduction: Globalization, Value Chain Governance and Supplier Experimentation (Joonkoo Lee, Hyunji Kwon and Hyun-Chin Lim) -- 2. Expanding Overseas, Becoming Multinational, and Moving up the Chain: Three Waves of Globalization in the Korean Apparel Industry (Joonkoo Lee and Hyun-Chin Lim)...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the global value chain (GVC) approach to understand the relationship between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and the changing patterns of global trade, investment and production, and its impact on economic and social upgrading. It aims to...