This paper examines how class closures affect the academic achievements of Japanese students in primary and middle … schools, with a special focus on the heterogeneous effects of the socioeconomic backgrounds of students' households. Utilizing … the administrative data of students from a city in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, we estimated the effects of class closures …

. We randomly assigned over 2,200 students a message with basic information about the Economics major; the basic message … increased the proportion of first generation and underrepresented minority (URM) students majoring in Economics by five … percentage points. This effect size was sufficient to reverse the gap in Economics majors between first generation/URM students …

. We randomly assigned over 2,200 students a message with basic information about the Economics major; the basic message … increased the proportion of first generation and underrepresented minority (URM) students majoring in Economics by five … percentage points. This effect size was sufficient to reverse the gap in Economics majors between first generation/URM students …