The two-dimensional Inelastic Maxwell Model (IMM) is studied by numerical simulations. It is shown how the inelasticity of collisions together with the fluctuations of the number of collisions undergone by a particle lead to energy fluctuations. These fluctuations are associated to a shrinking...

We review several theoretical and experimental methods of modeling and investigating granular matter far from equilibrium. The theoretical methods include an extension of the classical Boltzmann equation to inelastic gases, scalar internal degrees of freedom, and Hamiltonian-like grain–grain...

In this paper, we analyse the response of music and book sales to an external field and a buyer herding. We distinguish endogenous and exogenous shocks. We focus on some case studies, whose data have been collected from ranking on amazon.com. We show that an ensemble of equivalent systems...