In this paper a novel modular product unit neural network architecture is presented to model singly constrained spatial interaction flows. The efficacy of the model approach is demonstrated for the origin constrained case of spatial interaction using Austrian interregional telecommunication...

In recent years, collaborative knowledge production has become a central concern, not only for the scientific community but also for policy makers. In particular, there is a lively debate on the role of geographical space for research collaborations. Up to now, nearly no systematic empirical...

In this paper, we distinguish three constrained variants of the gravity model of spatial interaction: doubly constrained, production constrained and attraction constrained exponential gravity models. These model variants include origin- and/or destination-specific balancing factors that act as...