Reductions in freight transportation costs have favoured agglomeration and radically decreased the requirement for production activities to take place adjacent to natural resources. As the world transitions towards a low carbon economy, with energy generated from renewable sources, this could...

The location of energy-intensive industries and their associated emissions plays a key role in the climate policy debate. The models addressing this issue typically assume constant returns to scale in production and use the Armington assumption to differentiate energy-intensive commodities...