This paper applies Markov-switching multifractal (MSM) processes to model and forecast carbon dioxide (CO2) emission price volatility, and compares their forecasting performance to the standard GARCH, fractionally integrated GARCH (FIGARCH) and the two-state Markov-switching GARCH (MS-GARCH)...

This Test Guideline describes a laboratory test method designed to investigate long term potential effects of a single exposure of agrochemicals/non agrochemicals on carbon transformation activity of soil microorganisms. A minimum of two test concentrations are recommended for agrochemicals...

This Test Guideline is a screening method for the evaluation of ready biodegradability of chemical. The test substance, normally at 20 mg C/L, as the sole source of carbon and energy, is incubated (during 28 days normally) in sealed bottles with aerobic condition containing a buffer-mineral...

This Test Guideline is a screening method for the evaluation of ready biodegradability of chemicals. The test substance, normally at 20 mg C/L, as the sole source of carbon and energy, is incubated (during 28 days normally) in sealed bottles with aerobic condition containing a buffer-mineral...