empirical results, reveal that emissions related to FDI account for 15.2 percent of the world’s total emissions and 58.1 percent … of the world’s GVCs emissions, 39.2 percent of which are emissions related to FDI for foreign demands in 2015. From 2000 …

examine which forces drove the EU cleanup. I find that concerns about the effect of pollution offshoring were unfounded in the … production and imports were actually exactly opposite to what pollution offshoring would predict. Starting in the early 2000s, EU … offshoring of polluting industries to countries with lower environmental standards played only small role in the cleanup of US …