A review of climate change regulation reveals three historical ages: the age of responsibility, the age of cost-effectiveness, and the age of litigation. The age of responsibility refers to the “common but differentiated responsibility” (CBDR) principle characterized by political...

Climate litigation is a broad term that captures cases involving both conventional and novel causes of actions and remedies.This chapter focuses on cases seeking to force stronger actions by public and private entities to reduce carbon pollution of the atmosphere.The treatment is necessarily...

To realize international emission reduction targets, the European Union introduced a scheme for emission allowance trading. Despite large resistance from countries and companies, aviation activities were included in the scope of the trading scheme. In Air Transport Ass'n of America v. Secretary...

This contribution seeks to analyse and compare WTO Accession Protocols, particularly the interpretations given relevant commitments made in them regarding energy and fossil fuels. After first providing an outline of the accession process and its importance for the natural resources and energy...

Although geoengineering refers to numerous methods of offsetting climate change, including the removal of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the atmosphere, it is most commonly applied to an approach known as shortwave radiation management (SRM). Advocates for geoengineering make no claims to its...

This article explores ecosystem service trading. To date, most of the literature on this topic has focused on programs in which those who purchase rights to ecosystems use them to replace other, damaged ecosystems. An example would be the Wetlands Mitigation Banking Program, about which much as...