The persistent uncertainty about mid-century CO2 emissions targets is likely to affect not only the technological choices that energy-producing firms will make in the future but also their current investment decisions. We illustrate this effect on CO2 price and global energy transition within a...

As oil refining is a multiproduct industrial activity, there are innumerable ways to allocate a refinery’s CO2 emissions among the various refined products. The linear-programming models used to manage refineries may serve to compute the marginal contribution of each finished product to the...

Linear programming is widely used by multiproduct oil-refining firms which minimize a refinery’s variable cost under a set of constraints. In addition to operating costs, this variable cost can include the cost associated with the refinery’s CO2 emissions. We suggest a quite general approach...