We identify that consignments rejected by the European Union, due to the presence of unauthorized Genetically Modified food, have been diverted to third countries, creating trade deflections. We rely on a gravity model to examine the effects on food products. Our results show that the rejection...

24 of the European Union’s (EU) 27 Member States are now part of the ‘Schengen area’ of internal free movement and issue ‘Schengen visas’ valid throughout this area. While celebrated as one of the most tangible successes of European integration and as the final reunification of a...