Monetary analysis requires the introduction of monetary variables into the determination of the equilibrium values of real variables such as production, income, distribution, and accumulation. Contrary to Keynes’s research program of a „monetary theory of production”, neither the older...

We jointly estimate the natural rate of interest, the natural rate of unemployment, expected inflation, and potential output for the Euro area, the United States, Sweden, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Particular attention is paid to time-variation in (i) the data-generation process for...