books at home and a variable combining the type and location of their school represent the most important predictors of … student performance in all of the analysed countries, while other school characteristics are rarely relevant. Econometric … Portugal. Considering only general school students, the differences between big and small cities are not statistically …

schools and all pupils within these schools to analyse the role of the school in accounting for this variation. We analyse a … and attainment levels at the end of secondary schooling. We examine indicators that were the focus of the school … account for a minority of the variance in pupil attainment, and the extent of the variation accounted for by the school is …

. We use a representative panel data set containing cognitive test scores of 4-6 year olds in Dutch schools. School quality … is measured by the school's average achievement test score at age 12. Our results indicate that children in high …-achieving schools as an instrument for school choice corroborates the results. The robustness of the results points toward a causal …