continued under-representation of women in terms of the proportion of councillors who are women, and the ‘gender gap' that … exists in terms of council leadership and the portfolios that men and women hold on council cabinets or executives. It moves … about the substantive representation of women in local government …

cultural practice in higher education. It proposes that contractual terms of employment have important implications for women … practical implications for women's leadership arising from the findings and makes recommendations for improvements in practice …