Context: The current shortage of teachers in Germany, especially in vocational schools, is of relevance to the education system and labour market policy. To recruit future teachers more effectively, it is of great importance to gain a better understanding of pre-service teachers' career choice...

The study aimed to determine the level of competency along the five communication skills namely reading, writing, listening, speaking and viewing of the pre-service English teachers as a basis for the formulation of a training design. The study utilized descriptive correlational research design...

Empirically, compensation systems generate substantial effort despite weak monetary incentives. We consider reciprocal motivations as a source of incentives. We solve for the optimal contract in the basic principal-agent problem and show that reciprocal motivations and explicit performance-based...