. We use a representative panel data set containing cognitive test scores of 4-6 year olds in Dutch schools. School quality … is measured by the school's average achievement test score at age 12. Our results indicate that children in high …-achieving schools as an instrument for school choice corroborates the results. The robustness of the results points toward a causal …

We analyze the effect of school expenditure on children’s test scores at age 16 by means of an education production …

college teachers with that of school teachers and we look at staff retention levels in schools and colleges. Note that the …