One of the basic rules in trade law is the freedom of trade. However, such rule encounters some limitations when the object of trade is constituted by strategic items, such as dual-use items, which may have peaceful (civilian/commercial) or non peaceful/military applications. Trade of these...

UK competition law authorities primarily target companies. Such a strategy exposes companies to the risk of liability and loss, and its lack of effectiveness in deterring anti-competitive behaviour has led to the introduction of individual sanctions, which were greatly expected to deter...