The aim of this paper is to examine the auditing practices of British gas companies at the beginning of the 19th century, mainly the Chartered Gas Light and Coke Company (GLCC) , which was the first and largest of the gas undertakings worldwide. Gas companies paved the way for the railroads, but...

In this article, I use documents obtained from the NatWest Group archives to examine the work of Alexander Shand as a director of Parr's Bank during the period 1909-1918. A Scottish banker, Alexander Shand was recruited by the Japanese government early in his career to instruct Japanese...

The paper analyses the relationship between entrepreneurial philanthropy and the competitive process. In doing so, it constructs a typology of entrepreneurial philanthropic behaviour. Such behaviour is conditioned by a combination of ideology and business strategy variables. Ideological...

This paper examines the effect of the early adoption of technology on the evolution of human capital and on industrialization, in the context of Britain’s Industrial Revolution. It shows that wrights, a group of highly skilled mechanical craftsmen, who specialized in water-powered machinery in...

The physical stature of lower- and upper-class English youth are compared to one another and to their European and North American counterparts. The height gap between the rich and poor was the greatest in England, reaching 22 cm at age 16. The poverty-stricken English children were shorter for...