On 29 March 2019, the United Kingdom (UK) will formally withdraw from the European Union (EU). Although it is still not clear if the UK and the EU will reach an agreement to regulate several aspects of Brexit, ranging from the free circulation of citizens to financial matters, before that date,...

I develop an index for economic integration accounting for its gradual and bilateral nature: the Gradual And Bilateral Integration (GABI) index. The graduality captures differences in the depth and path of five stages in economic integration and is an improvement over the use of binary dummy...