literacy. The Millennium Development Goals in education reflect structures of practice and thinking rooted in the 19th century …. Literacy as an early performance indicator of public expenditure embodied a construction of an opposition between ignorance and … knowledge, a disaggregation of social structures and a dismissal of informal education. It sustained the rise of the performance …

productivity is derived from optimal behavior. More precisely, both the number and location of education facilities are chosen … optimally by municipalities. Individuals determine their education investment depending on the distance to the nearest school … find that one third of the rise in literacy can be directly attributed to the effect of density, while one sixth is linked …