If social outcomes have social causation, mothers and fathers in different societies will have different effects on … lineage of 426,552 persons in England 1650-2023 we estimate the influence of mothers versus fathers on social outcomes 1754 …-2023. Mothers' and fathers' education and social status are equally predictive of most child social outcomes across the entire …

Low fertility is a major policy focus in Japan. Many policies, such as an increase in replacement allowances during … parental leave, were rolled out during the 1990s and early 2000s with little evidence that they had any effect on fertility or …

In this paper we assess whether changes in labor market decisions upon motherhood lead to potential inefficient … that motherhood effects go beyond the well studied effects of labor market participation decisions: the arrival of the … labor market responses to motherhood are larger in societies with more conservative social-norms or with weak policies …

during early motherhood leads to regular full-time work later. We find that in Sweden, by the time the first child is four …We use data from Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden to examine whether part-time and intermittent work … years old 80 percent of mothers are working full-time if 25 hours is counted as full-time work, but only 30 percent if a 35 …