There is an ongoing debate on the concentration of container throughput in the European container port system. A … ports argue that a shift in port traffic from the north to the south would be beneficial for the environment and the economy … and compare several hinterland accessibility indices to explain the relative size of port regions. Besides standard …

Background: To improve port productivity, safety, and sustainability, the use of information and communication … technology is being promoted as a smart port. The utilization of a terminal operation system (TOS) is important for advanced port … port management system in Japan. Results: Japanese TOSs are characterized by a lack of automated functions, such as ship …