Public enforcement of competition law in Germany is well-established and follows relatively clear rules. Two routes are available: an administrative proceeding that may lead to prohibition decisions and minor remedies, and a quasi-criminal regulatory offence proceeding that also allows for the...

The EU Directive on Antitrust Damages Actions holds multiple injurers jointly and severally liable for the harm they cause through jointly infringing the competition laws. If an injurer pays to a victim more than the injurer's fair share, the latter is entitled to obtain a contribution from any...

It is a well-established principle of EU competition law that parent companies can be fined for antitrust infringements by their subsidiaries. Under the new EU Directive on Antitrust Damages Actions, parent company liability is likely to be extended to private antitrust suits. In the United...