Four relationships between war and commerce -- The effect of conquest on private property and contract rights -- The effect of occupation on private property and contract rights -- The creative tension between commercial freedom and belligerent rights -- War, investment and international law --...

I examine the conditions under which trade can support peaceful coexistence and prosperity when particular social and ethnic groups are cheap targets of violence. A simple theoretical framework reveals that for a broad set of cases, while inter-group competition generates incentives for...

Continuity and crises, 1789-1797 -- War and the colonies : Aranda and Godoy -- The late proyectistas -- Reorganizing New Spain's external trade: the effects of comercio libre, 1788-1796 -- A hegemony threatened : Mexico City and Veracruz after 1789 -- Mining and its fissures -- Export...