. Therefore we concentrate on the effects of enhanced East-West trade, which results from the economic development in the …

In recent years an increasingly common feature in international trade is cases where animporting country finds … production practices in exporting countries unacceptable, and whereone seeks to change these practices by imposing trade …

To date, empirical investigations of trade liberalization under the conditions of increasingreturns to scale (IRS) and …. However, of the recent IRS/ICmodels used to simulate the effects of trade liberalization none have empirically tested for …

market power. Two main results are shown. First, in the presence of buyer power trade liberalization may lead to retail … market concentration. Due to this concentration retail prices may be higher and welfare may be lower in free trade than in … autarky, thus reversing the standard effects of trade liberalization. Second, the pro-competitive effects of trade …

The business literature suggests that exporters either use trade intermediaries or own foreign sales representations …. Standard trade models are silent about this choice. We develop a model where producers differ with respect to competitive … advantage and where trade intermediaries arise endogenously. Intermediaries allow producers to access a foreign market at lower …

market power. Two main results are shown. First, in the presence of buyer power trade liberalization may lead to retail … market concentration. Due to this concentration retail prices may be higher and welfare may be lower in free trade than in … autarky, thus reversing the standard effects of trade liberalization. Second, the pro-competitive effects of trade …

This study aims at exploring how recent developments in the retail sector affect trade in consumer goods. It focuses on … and trade policy are complementary. In developing countries the entry of international retailers can have a positive …