The ancient Sumerians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all had a tradition of arbitration. Arbitration “took … postscript to development of public courts. The functions of arbitration as a private, flexible, effective, and independent … process fuelled its recognition. Arbitration has to guarantee legal certainty, predictability, and settlement being costless …

The aim of this study is to elucidate whether arbitration offers advantages compared to the patent litigation system … revocation proceedings. This account is followed by a comparison of arbitration and litigation in Germany in the light of the …

The use of arbitration in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) enables foreign investors to sue host states for … of commercial arbitration that uphold contract law. When used to resolve disputes between foreign companies it is an … exercise in private international law. Arbitration in ISDS, however, operates at the level of public international law, because …

agreements (IIAs), most of which provide for investment arbitration as the forum for the resolution of disputes between foreign …