The unexpected outbreak of the U.S.-China trade war led to dramatic increases in the import and export tariffs confronting Chinese firms. Due to firm-level differences in trade engagement, customs trade data combined with tariff changes allow us to measure firm-level exposure to the trade war....

The US declared trade war after substantial defections from the internationalist (in geo-strategy and economics) lobby in US politics to a new coalition between conflict-is-inevitable proponents and anti-globalization activists. Many internationalist businesses changed sides after experiencing...