We investigate the impact of product market competition on firms’ automation investments. We use a rich combination of … competition in export markets tend to reduce investments in automation technologies. These average negative effects are driven by … the least productive firms, while the most efficient exporters in industries that are more prone to automation tend to …

This paper analyses customs automation which is one of the most powerful tools to increase customs efficiency. It … focuses in particular on the benefits and implementation costs of automation. It is part of a series of studies that analyse … highlighting. First, automation should not be considered a panacea for trade facilitation; and second, commitment and financial …