The vast majority of the books and articles that have been written over the past few centuries about trade policy in … general and protectionism in particular have been written from a utilitarian perspective. Indeed, it would only be a slight … overstatement to say that the only works written about protectionism have been written from a utilitarian perspective. The reason …

This paper explains why trade liberalizations occur in developing countries, and why they are often reversed. It does … quality upgrades to keep up with foreign competitors. Given the availability of a political market for import tariffs … lobbying effort over time, and on their implications for the timing and the time horizon of trade reforms in developing …

-industry manufacturing sector data over three Plan periods. Understanding this link is important as economies liberalize trade and must deal …

perspective, general market access commitments with respect to services trade and commitments regarding government procurement of … Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), it derives insights from a large number of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) that embody … substantive provisions on both government procurement and services trade. An important finding is that, from an economic …

- at least during early stages of reform - and adopted liberal trade policies. In this paper the course of trade policy … during transition is explained from a political economy perspective. It is shown that trade liberalization can be a rational … strategy of reform politicians maximizing the probability of electoral success. In this context it is also discussed how trade …

This paper analyzes the dynamics of trade policy reform under democracy. In an overlapping generations model … anticipated trade policies influence education decisions, and thus the identity of the median voter. We show that there may exist …

We show that the Brazilian trade liberalization in the early 1990s led to a permanent relative decline in the vote … institutional channel for the political effects of trade shocks: the weakening of labor unions. We provide support for this … political parties with historical links to unions. Furthermore, the impact of the trade liberalization on the vote share of …

Expectation formation about future trade liberalization induces sectoral adjustment in advance and so the number of … opposition decreases and trade liberalization can be self-fulfilling. We analyze this expectation formation mechanism in …-monotonic across ages and the largest in a middle-age cohort. Also, we analyze uncertainty about future trade liberalization. Then, we …