The vast majority of the books and articles that have been written over the past few centuries about trade policy in … general and protectionism in particular have been written from a utilitarian perspective. Indeed, it would only be a slight … overstatement to say that the only works written about protectionism have been written from a utilitarian perspective. The reason …

This paper explains why trade liberalizations occur in developing countries, and why they are often reversed. It does … quality upgrades to keep up with foreign competitors. Given the availability of a political market for import tariffs … lobbying effort over time, and on their implications for the timing and the time horizon of trade reforms in developing …

perspective, general market access commitments with respect to services trade and commitments regarding government procurement of … Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), it derives insights from a large number of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) that embody … substantive provisions on both government procurement and services trade. An important finding is that, from an economic …

-industry manufacturing sector data over three Plan periods. Understanding this link is important as economies liberalize trade and must deal …

- at least during early stages of reform - and adopted liberal trade policies. In this paper the course of trade policy … during transition is explained from a political economy perspective. It is shown that trade liberalization can be a rational … strategy of reform politicians maximizing the probability of electoral success. In this context it is also discussed how trade …

Labor immobility (high adjustment cost) has been regarded as a major obstacle to trade liberalization, and it has been … argued that higher labor mobility promotes trade liberalization. However, this is not the case when we take into account … mobility and trade liberalization exists due to the principal-agent relationship. Higher labor mobility prevents trade …

Expectation formation about future trade liberalization induces sectoral adjustment in advance and so the number of … opposition decreases and trade liberalization can be self-fulfilling. We analyze this expectation formation mechanism in …-monotonic across ages and the largest in a middle-age cohort. Also, we analyze uncertainty about future trade liberalization. Then, we …

We study the relationship between participation in free trade agreements (FTAs) and the sustainability of democracy …