This paper develops a method to measure difficulties in market access over a large set of countries (both developing and developed) and industries, during the period 1980-2006. We use a micro-founded heterogeneous-consumers model to estimate the impact of national borders on global and regional...

This paper examines the role of international openness on the change of firm productivity in Southeastern Europe (SEE). This is a crucial question for middle income countries. Using firm-level data for six transition economies over the period 1994-2002, we identify whether foreign ownership and...