welfare changes due to WTO accession increases more than three times when China's pre-intervention tariffs are raised from …. In China, duty exemptions have been central to the process of trade reform and have led to a tremendous increase in … duty exemptions in the case of China's recent WTO accession will overstate the increase in China's trade flows by 40 …

in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

effects from joining GATT/WTO can still gain in terms of welfare, due to lower import prices and higher export demand. …