Constructing a two-agent model of international duopoly with increasing returns, the present paper examines potential gains from free trade. It is shown that under certain conditions, both agents in a country become worse off in free trade than in autarky with no redistribution. Further, the...

We derive a simple equation for the welfare gains from trade when tariffs are liberalized or iceberg trade costs fall. Covering various one-sector trade models that may or may not feature extensive margins and imperfect competition, we generalize the analysis of Arkolakis, Costinot and...