European countries. Using the special module of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions micro-data on … importance of income vulnerability for the middle class is on a par with (or even greater than) economic factors such as severe … the lower income bound of the middle class (75% of the national median income) and not the poverty line (60% of the median …

We show that the discontinuity in the distribution of surveyed female income shares at the margin where a woman would …

migrating peasants, and, consequently, has a positive effect on narrowing the rural-urban income or consumption gap. Urban labor …

reported monthly income by £142 (8 percent). Dependent interviewing - a recall device commonly used in panel surveys - takes …