. Following past research, we infer income volatility - the variance of permanent income shocks, a standard proxy for income risk … income volatility is higher in good state times than bad; during good national times, we find volatility is higher in states …

This testimony makes three main points. First, income volatility, especially when it involves income declines, imposes …

and transfer payments have both become more volatile over time. The rise in the volatility of men's earnings appears to … reflect greater volatility in earnings per hour and in hours worked …

combining data from multiple surveys, we create an integrated measure of volatility in available household resources, accounting …