by reviewing methods used in the demographic literature. We classify these methods according to important criteria, such … literature for each of the methods and discuss the assumptions and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods for the … identification of causal effects in demographic morbidity and mortality research. The differentiation between methods that control …

situation during childhood on quality of life after retirement as well as the mediating role of later life health, educational … level, financial situation, and quality of life as well as relevant covariates. Five European regions are studied: Central … direct and indirect effects of childhood measures on quality of life. We find retirees' quality of life to be associated with …