This paper examines the nature of pharmacy retail distribution in several different countries. Evidence in the market place supports the view that innovations in distribution technology are or could be plentiful; conversely, because of institutional rigidities bolstered by law, retail...

This symposium is organized around a major, ongoing, antitrust case, In re: Brand Name Prescription Drugs Antitrust Litigation, MDL-997, Master File No.94C 897(Us Federal Court for the Northern District of Illinois). As one can see, this case involves fascinating scientific and policy issues,...

The high cost of capital for firms conducting medical research and development (R&D) has been partly attributed to the government risk facing investors in medical innovation. This risk slows down medical innovation because investors must be compensated for it. We propose new and simple financial...

In the decade since the Doha Declaration was adopted, significant progress has been made in addressing problems associated with innovation and access to medicines, including through expanded financial support for procurement and distribution of treatments and vaccines and the establishment of...

Shortages and rationing are common in health care, yet we know little about the consequences. We examine an 18-month shortage of the pediatric Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib) vaccine. Using insurance claims data and variation in shortage exposure across birth cohorts, we find that the...

A booster of the COVID-19 vaccine targeting the prevailing Omicron variant did not become available in the United States until a year after the variant was first detected. This pattern of developing, testing, and distributing a variant-specific booster may become the default response to further...

While European health care systems are mostly public and similar the contrast is large to the US health industry based to a large extent in the market. Using competence bloc theory the industrial potential of Swedish and European health care is assessed and compared with US health industry. To...