This study addresses three important questions concerning personalized health care: (1) Are outcome differences between hospitals heterogeneous across patients? (2) If they are, how valuable is patient-centric information (that accounts for heterogeneity) to patients in selecting a hospital? and...

Problem Definition: We address two key questions faced by patients, physicians and policy makers: (1) how do different types of patients benefit differently from elite surgeons, and (2) how can outcome data be used to achieve better health care at both the individual and social levels?...