"Some two decades will shortly have passed since the WTO's Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights agreement came into force in 1995. TRIPS is widely considered to have had a negative impact on access to medicines through its rules on pharmaceutical patents. This volume is the...

The “tragedy of the anti-commons” can lead to complex issues in fields of technology characterized by a strong focus on research and innovation, such as the pharmaceutical industry, with reference not only to the mere production of final products, which may be hindered by IPRs, but also to...

Background: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) manufacturing is an important segment of the Indian pharma industry. India ranks third in terms of volume of medicines produced, and is a major global supplier of generic medicines. However, India depends heavily on the import of several raw...