Despite the fact that healthcare spending in Kazakhstan increased annually from 2011 to 2020, the country's healthcare system is seriously underfunded. For this reason, household spending in Kazakhstan plays a significant role in overall health spending. According to WHO, if the share of private...

Like other countries seeking a progressive path to universalism, Peru has attempted to reduce inequalities in access to healthcare by granting the poor entitlement to tax-financed basic care without charge. We identify the impact of this policy by comparing the target populationś change in...

This paper provides an overview of research on out-of-pocket health expenditures, reviewing the various summary measures and the results of multi-country studies using these measures. The paper presents estimates for 146 countries from all World Bank income groups for all summary measures, along...

This study examines the effects of urbanization on household health expenditure. Using a unique bi-annually household-level dataset from 2012-2016 from Vietnam, we obtain key findings as follows. To mitigate possible endogeneity concerns, we utilize a two-stage least squares regression (2SLS)...