Health care markets often lack a market force because the presence of health insurance undermines price signals …, Switzerland introduced out-of-pocket price differentiation. As of July 1st 2011, substitutable pharmaceuticals with prices above a … predefined threshold were subject to 20% coinsurance instead of the regular 10% coinsurance rate. Using comprehensive price data …

deterrence in which the price reduction by the incumbent necessary to deter entry outweighs the health loss to patients not …

-patent pharmaceuticals. We present a theoretical model with price-sensitive and loyal consumers that shows that a decrease in the reference … price affects the consumers' co-payments in a non-monotonic way: For high reference prices, a marginally lower reference … price may lead to lower co-payments. However, for low reference prices a further reduction may result into higher consumer …

−20%), and decreased generic drug utilization for all groups (2−4%). Conclusions: Patients’ responses to price changes vary …

selectively with health care providers as long as there are no price differences between physicians. A monopolistic health insurer …