this is primarily a consequence of rising real per capita income, which more than doubled over the same period. We … investigate this hypothesis empirically by instrumenting for local area income with time-series variation in global oil prices … an increase in income on health expenditures. Our central estimate is an income elasticity of 0.7, with an elasticity of …

minimize reliance on oil, diversify their income, and avoid relying heavily on debt and foreign reserves, as these might …

or more. This study examines the distribution of such spending by income and care type, and the variation in spending … pocket spending varies by income but that most spending usually occurs in income quintiles below the topmost quintile. We use … relationship between spending and income suggests that insurance markets may need to be segmented by income"--National Bureau of …