choices. Major emphasis was placed on instrumental variables method of estimation to correct for the endogeneity bias. The ….1 for whites, and 4.8 for pooled blacks and whites sample. Black mothers who seek prenatal care one month earlier give birth … to babies 124 grams more in birth weight while for white mothers the corresponding number is about 99 grams. The policy …

children born to 600000 mothers during 1970-2000 in 38 developing countries. These data are merged with macroeconomic data by … aggregate shocks and trends in unobservables within countries, while a panel of children within mother is exploited to control …. The interaction (gradient) effects are, in general, most marked for shorter women suggesting that children are more likely …