In this study, we analyse the long-term effects of school starting age on smoking behaviour and health in adulthood … age reduces the long-term risk to smoke, improves long-term health, and affects physical rather than mental health. In … addition, we find that the relative age composition of peers and the school environment are important mechanisms. …

The 21st century has been a period of rising inequality in both income and health. In this study, we find that … the largest health gains during the last several decades. Nor was higher dispersion in mortality caused entirely by the … that high-income states in 1992 were better able to enact public health strategies and adopt behaviors that, over the next …