Given that a multinational enterprise can react flexibly upon exchange rate movements, international trade flows may be interpreted as an option. An enterprise will opt to export if the profits obtained from exporting under given exchange rate developments are greater than if foreign subsidiary...

Based upon the foundations of mean-variance decision-making theory, we demonstrate that a change in the risk situation of an international enterprise open currency position does not inevitably require a corresponding hedging accommodation. Given a new risk situation, whether a revision of the...

In a framework for risk management a model of an international firm under exchange rate uncertainty is discussed. The firm can cross-hedge the exchange rate risk by using forwards of other country's currencies correlated to the spot exchange rate in question. The study investigates the...