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Relying on the hidden Markov model improved by the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO-HMM), we develop a dual-decision method to address the issue of state-dependent futures hedging. Our approach is attractive in two ways. First, it uses the PSO algorithm to overcome the shortcomings of...
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elsewhere is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. The price of fuel influences carbon emissions …, but the price of carbon emissions can also influence the price of fuel. Owing to the importance of carbon emissions and …
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